{"id":742,"date":"2012-09-09T18:04:14","date_gmt":"2012-09-09T18:04:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/192.168.254.210\/wordpress\/?page_id=742"},"modified":"2024-01-29T17:22:29","modified_gmt":"2024-01-29T22:22:29","slug":"in-memoriam","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/?page_id=742","title":{"rendered":"In Memoriam"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section bb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;section&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#999999&#8243; inner_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221; fullwidth=&#8221;on&#8221; transparent_background=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;off&#8221; background_image=&#8221;http:\/\/192.168.254.210\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/09\/drop.jpg&#8221; next_background_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221;][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=&#8221;In Memoriam&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; content_max_width=&#8221;100%&#8221; background_color=&#8221;rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)&#8221; button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_one_text_size__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_two_text_size__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_one_text_color__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_two_text_color__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_one_border_width__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_two_border_width__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_one_border_color__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_two_border_color__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_one_border_radius__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_two_border_radius__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_one_letter_spacing__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_two_letter_spacing__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_one_bg_color__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_two_bg_color__hover=&#8221;null&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_fullwidth_header][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;section&#8221; fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; specialty=&#8221;off&#8221; prev_background_color=&#8221;#999999&#8243; next_background_color=&#8221;#52667f&#8221;][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;row&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][et_pb_cta admin_label=&#8221;In Memoriam Header&#8221; title=&#8221;Manuel R. Moreno Fraginals &#8211; In Memoriam&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;light&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; button_text_size__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_text_size__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_one_text_size__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_two_text_size__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_text_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_text_color__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_one_text_color__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_two_text_color__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_border_width__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_border_width__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_one_border_width__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_two_border_width__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_border_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_border_color__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_one_border_color__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_two_border_color__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_border_radius__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_border_radius__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_one_border_radius__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_two_border_radius__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=&#8221;on&#8221; button_letter_spacing__hover=&#8221;0&#8243; button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_one_letter_spacing__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_two_letter_spacing__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_bg_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_bg_color__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_one_bg_color__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_two_bg_color__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.17.3&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Soy maestro y a mis alumnos me debo. Para ellos, para Cuba, sigo escribiendo: humildemente, diagnosis sin creerme jam\u00e1s que realizo obras maestras, y ni siquiera creyendo que tengo en mis manos toda la verdad. Siempre pienso: hasta aqui he llegado; soy simplemente una estaci\u00f3n de tr\u00e1nsito, no un punto de arribada final. Un maestro triunfa cuando los alumnos le aventajan: me interesa fundamentalmente impulsar a la generaci\u00f3n que llegar\u00e1 mucho m\u00e1s all\u00e1 que yo y superar\u00e1 ampliamente mis libros.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(<em>I am a teacher and I owe my students. For them, for Cuba, I continue writing: humbly, never believing that I make masterpieces, and not even believing that I have in my hands the whole truth. I always think: I have arrived to a place; just to a transit station and not to\u00a0the final destination. A teacher succeeds when students excel him, I&#8217;m interested primarily to drive the generation that will reach far beyond me and greatly exceed my books.<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Manuel R. Moreno Fraginals &#8211;\u00a01989<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_cta][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;section&#8221; transparent_background=&#8221;off&#8221; inner_shadow=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;off&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#52667f&#8221; prev_background_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221;][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;row&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Sidney W. Mintz&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/09\/Sidney_Mintz.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1316 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/09\/Sidney_Mintz.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"119\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Sidney W. Mintz\" href=\"http:\/\/sidneymintz.net\/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Sidney W. Mintz<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\n<em>Wm. L. Straus Jr. Professor Emeritus<br \/>\n<\/em><em>Department of Anthropology, Johns Hopkins University<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_toggle admin_label=&#8221;Sidney W. Mintz Text&#8221; title=&#8221;Read more&#8221; open=&#8221;off&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Manuel Moreno Fraginals made an absolutely unique intellectual contribution to the study of Cuba, the Caribbean region, and the history of sugar.<\/p>\n<p>Only a scholar who had successfully grasped the panorama of the Cuban sugar enterprise over a period at least two centuries long could have launched his research. Even more remarkable, however, was this understanding of how that enterprise fitted within the world picture.<\/p>\n<p>What he has explained to us no one else had ever explained so well. I suspect that no one else will ever explain it better.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sidney W. Mintz<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Wm. L. Straus Jr. Professor Emeritus<\/em><br \/>\n<em> Department of Anthropology<\/em><br \/>\n<em> Johns Hopkins University<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;row&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Herbert S. Klein&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/09\/hklein.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1317 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/09\/hklein.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"96\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Herbert S. Klein\" href=\"http:\/\/history.columbia.edu\/faculty\/Klein.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Herbert S. Klein<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\n<em>Gouveneur Morris Professor Emeritus of History<br \/>\nHistory Department, Columbia University<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_toggle admin_label=&#8221;Herbert S. Klein Text&#8221; title=&#8221;Read more&#8221; open=&#8221;off&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Obituary of Manuel R. Moreno Fraginals<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>With the death of the Cuban Historian Manuel Moreno Fraginals at 80 years of age this past May 2001, the profession has lost one of its unique voices. Businessman, scholar, lawyer and revolutionary, Moreno Fraginals&#8217;s career spanned a wide range of professions and countries. At the age of 22 he completed a degree in Law from the University of Havana, and a short time later studied history at the Colegio de M\u00e9xico where he graduated in 1948. He returned to the island in 1949 and worked for a time at the Biblioteca Nacional. During this period he began publishing on national history. Of these earlier works the most outstanding is his essay on <em><span class='tooltipsall classtoolTips3' style='border-bottom:2px dotted #888;'>Jos\u00e9 Antonio Saco<\/span>, Estudio y Bibliograf\u00eda<\/em> (1953). He eventually left in the early 1950s to became a businessman in Venezuela. With the triumph of Fidel Castro in 1959 he returned to Cuba and dedicated himself full time to the historical research. In the chaos of the first months of the new regime, he was able to organize semi-official expeditions to all the old plantations where he obtained their invaluable records for the national archives. Given his personality and rather independent nationalist politics, Moreno Fraginals never obtained a major position within the Cuban historical establishment, though he was able to work uninterruptedly in his major area of interest, the economic history of the island. In a period when history became part of the official state culture and the writing of manuales the prime historical activity, Moreno Fraginals went his own way doing fundamental archival research. After years of such research he finally published the first volume of his classic study, <em><span class='tooltipsall classtoolTips7' style='border-bottom:2px dotted #888;'>El Ingenio<\/span><\/em>, in 1964. Though there was some resistance to his research, the support of Che Guevara was fundamental in getting his work published. He always told the story of Che Guevarra, who when challenged about why Fraginals was using supposedly a non-marxian methods to do his work, pulled out his North American made pistol and said that if this product of yanque manufacture could be used to oppose his enemies it was a good instrument no matter who made it. With the publication of <em><span class='tooltipsall classtoolTips7' style='border-bottom:2px dotted #888;'>El Ingenio<\/span><\/em>, the most important economic study of the rise and functioning of the sugar estate in 19th century Cuba, Moreno Fraginals archived international fame. He was soon being invited to lecture in universities in Europe and North America and always obtained a major following wherever he went, as he was an extraordinary charismatic lecturer. In the following years he worked steadily on completing his monumental work, whose last two volumes appeared in 1978. For the next several decades he worked on supplementing his monumental study with additional materials. With myself and Stanley Engerman he published his complete set of slave prices (1983). In 1974 appeared his <em>El token acucarero<\/em> and there followed numerous articles on slavery and the slave labor force, some of which appeared in his his recent book <em><span class='tooltipsall classtoolTips8' style='border-bottom:2px dotted #888;'>La historia como arma<\/span> y otros estudios sobre esclavos, ingenios y plantaciones<\/em> (1999). By the late 1980s he began to turn his attention to the period of the Cuban Wars of independence. Because of his long periods of residence in Spain, he was particularly interested in the 19th century Spanish experience on the island. The result of this research were two recent books: <em><span class='tooltipsall classtoolTips2' style='border-bottom:2px dotted #888;'>Guerra, migraci\u00f3n y muerte<\/span><\/em> (1993) and <em>Cuba\/Espa\u00f1a. Espa\u00f1a\/Cuba. Historia Comun<\/em> (1995). There is little question that the work and ideas of Moreno Fraginals have come to dominate the economic history of Cuba. <em><span class='tooltipsall classtoolTips7' style='border-bottom:2px dotted #888;'>El Ingenio<\/span><\/em> remains the point of departure for anyone studying the economy and society of the island and has inspired a host of works on this vital theme. Though he left Cuba in 1994, Moreno Fraginals remained active in historical research and a defender of national culture until his untimely death.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Herbert S. Klein<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Professor of History<\/em><br \/>\n<em> History Department<\/em><br \/>\n<em> Columbia University<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;row&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Stanley Engerman&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/09\/engerman_stan.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1318 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/09\/engerman_stan.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"106\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Stanley Engerman\" href=\"http:\/\/www.econ.rochester.edu\/people\/engerman.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Stanley Engerman<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\n<em>John Munro Professor of Economics<br \/>\nProfessor of Economics and Professor of History<br \/>\nDepartment of\u00a0Economics<br \/>\nUniversity of Rochester, NY<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_toggle admin_label=&#8221;Stanley Engerman Text&#8221; title=&#8221;Read more&#8221; open=&#8221;off&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>My first contact with Moreno came from reading <em><span class='tooltipsall classtoolTips6' style='border-bottom:2px dotted #888;'>The Sugarmill<\/span><\/em>, the English-language translation of the first edition of <em><span class='tooltipsall classtoolTips7' style='border-bottom:2px dotted #888;'>El Ingenio<\/span><\/em>. These works were the primary sources for understanding sugar and slavery in Cuba for many American scholars, and they have received many citations and much discussion, as they greatly deserved. Moreno&#8217;s has been the most influential interpretation of slavery in Cuba, and his work has been important in all studies of comporative slavery in the Americas. Moreno visited with me twice in Rochester, and our discussions led to an article in the American Historical Review with Herbert Klein, examining the prices of slaves in a plantation document from his private collection. Memorable about his visits were not just the valued and pleasant discussions, but Moreno&#8217;s demonstration of another skill in which I was lacking. On returning from the airport the tail pipe of my ancient car fell off, and while I was rather flustered Moreno hopped out, twisted a clothing hanger, crawled under the car, and re-attached everything such that it no longer was to be a problem. Thus, in addition to admiration of his knowledge, and his historical and economic skills, I learned that there was much more that he had succeeded at. I was also invited to an SSRC conference in Santo Domingo, which led to a book that he and I, with Frank Moya Pons, jointly edited. The essays were on slavery and its aftermath in the Spanish-speaking Caribbean, and this volume has been well-reviewed and frequently cited. Frank and I learned much from Moreno and benefited greatly from his knowledge in the editing. There were several subsequent meetings- one in Washington airport, another in Havana at the meeting of the Association of Caribbean Historians, at which he presented a paper on slave manumissions. My memories of Moreno are most fond and respectful, for his scholarship, his graciousness, and pleasantness in conversation (despite my difficulties with foreign languages), and, also, for his skills as an automobile mechanic.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Stanley Engerman<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Professor <\/em><br \/>\n<em> Department of History<\/em><br \/>\n<em> University of Rochester, NY<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;row&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Carlos Alberto Montaner&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/09\/CarlosAlbertoMontaner.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1319 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/09\/CarlosAlbertoMontaner.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"120\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Carlos Alberto Montaner\" href=\"http:\/\/www.elblogdemontaner.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Carlos Alberto Montaner<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\n<em>Chairman of the Cuban Liberal Union<br \/>\n<\/em><em>Vice-Chairman of the International Liberal<\/em><br \/>\n<em> University Professor, Writer, Columnist, <\/em><em>Madrid, Spain<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_toggle admin_label=&#8221;Carlos Alberto Montaner Text&#8221; title=&#8221;Read more&#8221; open=&#8221;off&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>La mejor manera de entender a Cuba, su historia, su gente, es por medio de la obra de Moreno Fraginals. Pocos historiadores cubanos han sido tan penetrantes. Probablemente ninguno ha tenido su capacidad de s\u00edntesis y su prosa precisa y seductora. Lo conoc\u00ed cuando se exili\u00f3, y fue en nuestra oficina de Miami, en un local de la Uni\u00f3n Liberal Cubana, donde dict\u00f3 su primera conferencia frontalmente anticastrista. Esas palabras las grabamos y de diversas maneras las hicimos llegar al pueblo cubano. Estoy seguro de que la voz de Moreno Fraginals, sus argumentos y su inteligencia sirvieron para despertar a mucha gente dentro de la Isla. Por eso, por su trato agradable, y por el valor enorme de su obra, guardo por \u00e9l una inmensa admiraci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Carlos Alberto Montaner<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Chairman of the Cuban Liberal Union<\/em><br \/>\n<em> Vice-Chairman of the International Liberal<\/em><br \/>\n<em> University Professor, Writer, Columnist<\/em><br \/>\nMadrid, Spain<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;row&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Jos\u00e9 Joaquin Moreno Mas\u00f3&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/09\/JoseMoreno.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1320 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/09\/JoseMoreno.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"102\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Jos\u00e9 Joaquin Moreno Mas\u00f3<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>M.S. Historiador<br \/>\nBarcelona, Espa\u00f1a<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_toggle admin_label=&#8221;Jos\u00e9 Joaquin Moreno Mas\u00f3 Text&#8221; title=&#8221;Read more&#8221; open=&#8221;off&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cuba\/Espa\u00f1a Espa\u00f1a\/Cuba historia com\u00fan <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Se supone que para un historiador redactar una peque\u00f1a rese\u00f1a sobre un libro es tarea f\u00e1cil y m\u00e1s si \u00e9ste es de historia. Sin embargo, un parentesco entre el autor del libro y quien la escribe puede resultar embarazoso y motivar una p\u00e9rdida de objetividad en el an\u00e1lisis. En vista de ello, cuando mi amigo Carlos Estefan\u00eda me solicit\u00f3 la rese\u00f1a, estuve a punto de rechazar. Acab\u00e9 aceptando porque por primera vez alguien me suger\u00eda escribir algo sobre un libro de mi padre; a quien amo profundamente por el parentesco natural que nos une, pero admiro y respeto tambi\u00e9n como historiador. Adem\u00e1s, el hecho de haber colaborado en la b\u00fasqueda de informaci\u00f3n y discusi\u00f3n del manuscrito original, creo me daba un cierto derecho a comentar sobre algo en lo cual hab\u00eda participado.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Testamento intelectual<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>El libro &#8220;CUBA\/ESPA\u00d1A ESPA\u00d1A\/CUBA historia com\u00fan&#8221; es sin duda el testamento intelectual de Manuel Moreno Fraginals. Es un libro y perdonen la redundancia, de erudici\u00f3n sin erudici\u00f3n, de sabidur\u00eda; el balance de muchos a\u00f1os de investigaci\u00f3n y praxis; de infinitas lecturas, de disconformidad con casi todo lo anterior escrito, de rebeld\u00eda; de incansable b\u00fasqueda o de mayor aproximaci\u00f3n a la verdad hist\u00f3rica si es que \u00e9sta existe. En s\u00edntesis, es el resumen de toda una vida dedicada a repensar la historia. Como se\u00f1ala Josep Fontana en la presentaci\u00f3n, es el producto de dos pasiones: el amor a la historia y el amor a Cuba. Dos amores que le han suscitado muy serios enfrentamientos con la jerarqu\u00eda oficial y le obligan en la actualidad, una vez m\u00e1s, a residir en el exilio.<\/p>\n<p>Fue en los a\u00f1os sesenta cuando Moreno Fraginals nos record\u00f3 la importancia vital que tiene <span class='tooltipsall classtoolTips8' style='border-bottom:2px dotted #888;'>la Historia como arma<\/span>. Nos advirti\u00f3 del peligro que representaba la divulgaci\u00f3n de los mitos hist\u00f3ricos en las escuelas y al pueblo en general a trav\u00e9s de los medios de comunicaci\u00f3n. En su lugar, suger\u00eda una nueva forma de pensar la historia. Sin dogmas, sin presiones ideol\u00f3gicas que maniatar\u00e1n una ciencia que no es exacta, pero que resulta imprescindible para cualquier sociedad que tenga un m\u00ednimo aprecio de s\u00ed misma. No hay mayor tragedia para un pueblo que carecer de memoria hist\u00f3rica.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Apartado de la universidad<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>El escrito provoc\u00f3 una restricci\u00f3n impl\u00edcita a las aulas de la Universidad de La Habana para Moreno Fraginals. Seguidamente los \u00f3rganos oficiales del Estado ordenaron la redacci\u00f3n de una historia post-revolucionaria en la que todo ocurre y se explica seg\u00fan las leyes del materialismo hist\u00f3rico y dial\u00e9ctico. Una historia horizontal, sin sobresaltos, aburrida a m\u00e1s no poder. Algo parecido a un cuento de hadas d\u00f3nde los personajes o sujetos de la historia tienen limitado su papel a ser buenos o malos. Todo comienza con las primeras rebeliones ind\u00edgenas contra la colonizaci\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola y concluye con la \u00e9pica victoria de Fidel y sus hombres contra el tirano Batista. Se aprovech\u00f3 para explotar los mismos mitos de siempre y crear nuevos de \u00faltima generaci\u00f3n, a los que se les corrigi\u00f3 cualquier aspecto negativo seg\u00fan las nuevas creencias. Dos ejemplos sintom\u00e1ticos son el Padre Varela y Jos\u00e9 A. Echevarr\u00eda: a ambos se les neg\u00f3 su religiosidad y del primero, muchos han venido a saber que era cura y profesor del seminario San Carlos con la visita del Papa.<\/p>\n<p>Esta historia l\u00f3gicamente no convence, genera duda. Para todos aquellos inconformes con la historia oficial, Moreno ha escrito \u00e9ste libro. Todo aquel interesado en una visi\u00f3n in\u00e9dita de la historia de Cuba, y digo esto sin dejarme caer en la tentaci\u00f3n por mi admiraci\u00f3n hacia el autor, \u00e9ste libro es de lectura obligatoria. Coincido cien por cien con la presentaci\u00f3n que del libro hace el ilustre historiador espa\u00f1ol\/catal\u00e1n Josep Fontana. Creo que despu\u00e9s de ello poca cosa se puede a\u00f1adir. Es un libro genial, apasionado y objetivo en el que se puede viajar por la historia de Cuba a trav\u00e9s de los sujetos que la integran y el papel que ha correspondido a cada uno representar. Quiz\u00e1s su aspecto m\u00e1s original consiste en que sin ser una historia de la cultura cubana, resulta una retrospectiva de la historia de Cuba a trav\u00e9s de su cultura. No se trata de una historia del pensamiento pol\u00edtico, ni de la evoluci\u00f3n de las ideolog\u00edas; simplemente la cultura en sus relaciones con el modo de producci\u00f3n, con los cambios pol\u00edticos, su importancia en la formaci\u00f3n de la naci\u00f3n. Ello lo convierte en un libro ameno, de f\u00e1cil lectura.<\/p>\n<p>Se le ha criticado la ausencia de notas a pie de p\u00e1gina. Fui yo quien lo sugiri\u00f3 y mi padre encontr\u00f3 atractiva la idea. \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 no? Mis argumentos son que no es un libro habitual de historia, ni tampoco una novela, ni un ensayo. Es un libro para todo aquel que ame a Cuba y su historia independientemente de su nivel acad\u00e9mico. Que quien lo escriba sea el patriarca de los historiadores cubanos no quiere decir que est\u00e9 predestinado para los entendidos e investigadores. Este es un error en el que solemos caer todos. Escribimos para los miembros de la tribu, pasando por alto cuestiones que para los especialistas son elementales. Los resultados, siempre son tochos de libros llenos de citas que s\u00f3lo alcanzan a leer \u00edntegramente unos cuantos, el resto, suelen conservarlo como una enciclopedia, es decir: un libro de consulta. No en vano son muchos de \u00e9stos quienes confirman la tesis de que la historia es aburrida cuando los verdaderamente aburridos son ellos. Varias investigaciones han demostrado que el 55% de los art\u00edculos publicados en prestigiosas revistas cient\u00edficas no han sido citado en los pr\u00f3ximos cinco a\u00f1os ni una sola vez, y en el caso particular de la historia los porcentajes ascienden a un 95%.<\/p>\n<p>Con este libro Moreno Fraginals no s\u00f3lo nos ha ense\u00f1ado la importancia de acercar la historia a su pueblo, sino que a demostrado una continuidad con sus ideas durante todos estos a\u00f1os que resulta envidiable. Jam\u00e1s se ha separado del marxismo pero tampoco se ha dejado encerrar por \u00e9ste. Quien realice un balance desde \u00ab<span class='tooltipsall classtoolTips8' style='border-bottom:2px dotted #888;'>La historia como arma<\/span>\u00bb hasta \u00abCuba Espa\u00f1a&#8230;\u00bb notar\u00e1 una continuidad en el pensamiento que nada tiene que ver con los derrotistas que confirman el fin de la historia. La historia contin\u00faa siendo para \u00e9l un arma y como tal, para evitar que sea manipulada, nos la entrega bien hilvanada y a su vez f\u00e1cil de digerir. \u00c9ste es a mi juicio el mayor logro que tiene este libro. Pocos historiadores disponen de tal capacidad de s\u00edntesis que les permita en unas 300 p\u00e1ginas resumir de forma tan amena y sabia la historia de Cuba hasta 1898. \u00abCuba\/Espa\u00f1a&#8230;\u00bb en mi opini\u00f3n, por la envergadura de su prosa, que deja la historia de Cuba al alcance de todos los que como el propio autor tienen dos pasiones: La historia y Cuba, dir\u00eda que estamos ante un cl\u00e1sico que har\u00e1 escuela a la hora de redactar historia. Consecuente con sus principios, Moreno nos deja su legado hist\u00f3rico para el disfrute de todos y no s\u00f3lo de los academicistas. Retomando sus propias palabras de \u00ab<span class='tooltipsall classtoolTips8' style='border-bottom:2px dotted #888;'>La historia como arma<\/span>\u00bb y dirigidas a aquellos que s\u00f3lo han sido capaces de apreciar que el libro carece de citas les digo que \u00abCuba\/Espa\u00f1a&#8230;\u00bb est\u00e1 por encima de te-escribo-la-nota-de-tu-libro para que luego t\u00fa-me-escribas-la-nota-de-mi-libro. A mi padre como historiador, gracias por \u00e9ste magnifico libro.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jos\u00e9 Joaquin Moreno Mas\u00f3<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Historiador.<\/em><br \/>\n<em> Pineda de Mar, Barcelona, Espa\u00f1a<\/em><br \/>\n<em> publicado en: <a href=\"http:\/\/hem.passagen.se\/cubanuestra\/index_v4.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cortes\u00eda de cubanuestra<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;row&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Carmelo Mesa-Lago &#8221; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/09\/CarmeloMesaLago.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1322 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/09\/CarmeloMesaLago.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"97\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Carmelo Mesa-Lago\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mesa-lago.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Carmelo Mesa-Lago <\/strong><\/a><br \/>\n<em>Distinguished Professor Emeritus\u00a0Economics and Latin American Studies<br \/>\nUniversity of Pittsburgh<br \/>\nResearch Scholar\u00a0International Relations and Latin America<br \/>\nFlorida International University<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_toggle admin_label=&#8221;Carmelo Mesa-Lago Text&#8221; title=&#8221;Read more&#8221; open=&#8221;off&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Manuel Moreno Fraginals was a great scholar, a courageous man and a loyal friend. I had read his masterpiece &#8220;<em><span class='tooltipsall classtoolTips6' style='border-bottom:2px dotted #888;'>The SugarMill<\/span><\/em>&#8221; (probably the best Cuban economic history book) and was very interested in meeting him. At that time I was the Director of the Center for Latin American Studies of the University of Pittsburgh and, learning that Moreno was coming to the United States, I immediately invited him to give a lecture at Pitt. He came and gave a first-rate lecture. I was astonished at the information he had on the current state of the sugar industry in Cuba, but even more so on his frankness and criticism. This was the first time I have heard somebody coming from Cuba speaking in that open manner, and my admiration for him increased even more. After the lecture, having dinner at home, Moreno told me a wonderful story: In 1969 I had published in the United States a critical essay on the availability and reliability of Cuban statistics and, disregarding the risks, he translated my essay into Spanish and circulated it within the island. In the mid-1980s, when my work was the target of fierce criticism by Cuban officials and sympathizers abroad, who accused me of leading &#8220;Cubanology&#8221; (supposedly the US ideological offensive against Cuba), Moreno &#8211;who was in the Island&#8211;wrote me a letter giving me full support, reacting against such criticism and saying many Cubans shared his feelings. After he came permanently to the Unites States, we met several times at Florida International University and I strongly supported him for the Bacardi chair at the University of Miami (one he deserved but unfortunately never got). I saw him last time in Madrid, right before the publication of his excellent book on Cuba and Spain. He was almost blind but, when recognizing my voice, he embraced me warmly and, despite his fragility, he gave a superb lecture on his new book. Moreno never saw my dedication to him of my latest book &#8220;Market, Socialist and Mixed Economies: Comparative Policy and Performance&#8211;Chile, Cuba and Costa Rica&#8221;: &#8221; To Manuel Moreno Fraginals, compatriot, colleague and friend, who aroused my interest in the economic history of Latin America and Cuba.&#8221; He taught and\/or inspired scores of social science historians, in Cuba and abroad, who are a living tribute to his memory. I am proud to be one of them.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Carmelo Mesa-Lago<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Economics and Latin American Studies at the University of Pittsburgh <\/em><br \/>\n<em>Professor and Research Scholar on International Relations and Latin America at Florida International University<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;row&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Nicol\u00e1s S\u00e1nchez-Albornoz &#8221; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/09\/NicolasSanchezAlbornoz.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1321 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/09\/NicolasSanchezAlbornoz.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"105\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Nicol\u00e1s S\u00e1nchez-Albornoz <\/strong><br \/>\n<em>New York University, Emeritus<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_toggle admin_label=&#8221;Nicol\u00e1s S\u00e1nchez-Albornoz Text&#8221; title=&#8221;Read more&#8221; open=&#8221;off&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Manuel Moreno Fraginals, entre Nueva York y Madrid<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Mi encuentro con Manuel Moreno Fraginals se remonta a mediados de los a\u00f1os setenta, ante una mesa compartida con amigos en un diminuto restaurant argentino de Mac Dougal Street, en el coraz\u00f3n del Greenwich Village neoyorquino. La cena termin\u00f3 en nuestra casa cercana entre copas y conversaciones, mientras nuestros miembros se desentumec\u00edan de la rigidez impuesta por la estrechez del modesto lugar. Moreno ven\u00eda de alguna de las conferencias a las que empezaba a acudir en los Estados Unidos. Desde entonces, las coincidencias no faltaron: una conferencia suya en el Centro Latinoamericano de mi propia universidad, New York University; su triunfo en Los Angeles, compartido con los amigos, por el premio Bancroft que la American Historical Association le otorg\u00f3 por su luminoso libro <span class='tooltipsall classtoolTips7' style='border-bottom:2px dotted #888;'>El Ingenio<\/span>; m\u00e1s pasos fugaces por Nueva York; alguna carta cruzada a trav\u00e9s de la UNESCO y la proyecci\u00f3n, en fin, de la pel\u00edcula en cuyo gui\u00f3n intervino. En sus distintas apariciones, Manuel siempre tra\u00eda un vendaval de aire fresco. Mostr\u00f3 una capacidad singular para romper el doble cerco que los Estados Unidos y Cuba hab\u00edan tendido entre ellos. Su presencia abr\u00eda una ventana sobre un mundo vedado. Su trabajo como historiador perd\u00eda insularidad y ganaba reconocimiento internacional. <span class='tooltipsall classtoolTips7' style='border-bottom:2px dotted #888;'>El Ingenio<\/span> no s\u00f3lo revelaba excelencia profesional. Tambi\u00e9n una historia econ\u00f3mica y social con una g\u00e9nesis independiente. El libro coincid\u00eda, pero no repet\u00eda el modelo de historia propuesto antes por franceses y anglosajones, ni tampoco el marxista. Las concepciones y convicciones de Moreno Fraginals plasmaron por su propio impulso en una obra cl\u00e1sica. El historiador que era abr\u00eda tambi\u00e9n su mensaje a otros medios de comunicaci\u00f3n, como era el cine.<\/p>\n<p>El escenario de nuestros encuentros se traslad\u00f3 despu\u00e9s a Espa\u00f1a debido a una presencia creciente de ambos en ella. Yo hab\u00eda vuelto a poner mis pies en mi tierra al cabo de interminables a\u00f1os e interven\u00eda espor\u00e1dicamente all\u00ed en actividades acad\u00e9micas. En Manuel, por otro lado, crec\u00eda el inter\u00e9s por entender la intensidad de la relaci\u00f3n entre Cuba y Espa\u00f1a. Su b\u00fasqueda dio lugar a por lo menos un par de libros conocidos. Despu\u00e9s de inaugurado el gobierno socialista en Espa\u00f1a, coincidimos en algunas reuniones. Por ellas, las nuevas autoridades procuraban acercarse a capas de intelectuales latinoamericanos que el antiguo r\u00e9gimen hab\u00eda mantenido a distancia. Concurrimos tambi\u00e9n a encuentros en Barcelona o en Oviedo o nos vimos en visitas inesperadas en mi casa de Madrid. El \u00faltimo contacto con \u00e9l fue en 1998 como colegas en el departamento de historia de la Florida International University, de Miami. Aqu\u00ed, el gusto del reencuentro qued\u00f3 empa\u00f1ado para m\u00ed cuando empec\u00e9 a percibir el desasosiego que le embargaba y la disminuci\u00f3n de su vigor por obra de los a\u00f1os. Habi\u00e9ndole conocido transgresor en ideas y en la vida misma, dol\u00eda ver c\u00f3mo se replegaba, acumulando problemas que lo alejaban de la vida pl\u00e1cida que a su edad merec\u00eda. Los a\u00f1os de Miami me temo que fueron duros e ingratos para \u00e9l, y tambi\u00e9n lo fueron para los le conocimos con otro \u00e1nimo.<\/p>\n<p>Manuel Moreno Fraginals merece un elogio pormenorizado como historiador que alg\u00fan colega m\u00e1s cercano a los temas que trat\u00f3 se encuentra en mejores condiciones de hacer con autoridad profesional. La personalidad intensa, contradictoria y c\u00e1lida podr\u00e1 ser evocada por quienes lo han tenido m\u00e1s cerca que yo durante a\u00f1os, antes, durante y despu\u00e9s de Cuba. Las l\u00edneas anteriores no pretenden llenar ninguno de esos huecos, sino transmitir en dos pinceladas, desde \u00e1ngulos laterales de su rica existencia -Nueva York y Madrid- mi aprecio y respeto profesional y mi amistad cargada de emoci\u00f3n ante su ausencia.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Nicol\u00e1s S\u00e1nchez-Albornoz<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>New York University, Emeritus<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;row&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Elo\u00edsa Lezama Lima &#8221; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/09\/EloisaLezamaLima.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1324 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/09\/EloisaLezamaLima.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"68\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Elo\u00edsa Lezama Lima\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>University Professor, Miami, Florida<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_toggle admin_label=&#8221;Elo\u00edsa Lezama Lima Text&#8221; title=&#8221;Read more&#8221; open=&#8221;off&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Manuel Moreno Fraginals: un hombre hecho para el di\u00e1logo <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Manolo Moreno, un amigo de siempre, llego a nuestras vidas cuando los tres \u00e9ramos muy j\u00f3venes. Mi hermano se reun\u00eda con \u00e9l para hablar de literatura y de historia en la Universidad de La Habana y el paseo del Prado. All\u00ed acud\u00edan jovenes con inquietudes para discutir temas de altura y profundidad. Moreno Fraginals se ausentaba cuando hacia alg\u00fan viaje al extranjero, pero siempre volv\u00eda a aquellas pe\u00f1as que tanto le gustaban. Se caracterizaban aquellas por di\u00e1logos enriquecedores que atra\u00edan cada vez m\u00e1s a los que no encontraban en c\u00edrculos oficiales satisfacer su insaciable curiosidad.<\/p>\n<p>Vinieron los a\u00f1os cr\u00edticos del gobierno del General Machado y el cierre de la Universidad de La Habana, despu\u00e9s los tambaleantes gobiernos de Fulgencio Batista y las situaciones pol\u00edticas cada vez m\u00e1s dif\u00edciles iban en aumento. Las reuniones de j\u00f3venes se dispersaron. Pero la amistad de Manolo Moreno y de Jos\u00e9 Lezama Lima permaneci\u00f3 intacta.<\/p>\n<p>Pasaron los a\u00f1os y Lezama cayo en desgracia con el r\u00e9gimen castrista. Visitar la casa de Lezama Lima era considerado un acto subversivo y el poeta paso a ser un enemigo del r\u00e9gimen, pero Moreno Fraginals sigui\u00f3 siendo su amigo leal; quiero dejar constancia de un recuerdo que siempre me conmover\u00e1:<\/p>\n<p>Conocedor Moreno de las dificultades de Lezama, pens\u00f3 que nada m\u00e1s oportuno que proporcionarle unos d\u00edas de sosiego en el campo y en una soluci\u00f3n po\u00e9tica, lo invito a pasarse una semana en el Valle de Vi\u00f1ales. Manolo y su hija Beatriz ir\u00edan con Lezama y su esposa a rememorar las pe\u00f1as del Paseo del Prado.<\/p>\n<p>En carta fechada el 20 de Octubre de 1972 me dice mi hermano:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>&#8220;Te escribo desde el Hotel Los Jazmines, situado en el Mirador del Valle de Vi\u00f1ales, uno de los sitios mas bellos de Cuba. Las notas brillantes de color matizadas con un poco de gris. El Valle luce todo su color y su gracia esbelta. Sentirse instalado frente a el es sentirse el peso de toda la historia de Cuba, la que no se hizo, la que se quedo en posibilidad potencial y parece que va a irrumpir en un chorro de luz.&#8221;<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>La experiencia fue muy positiva y Lezama relataba an\u00e9cdotas sobre la estancia transform\u00e1ndola en un viaje m\u00edtico realizado con su amigo Manolo Moreno Fraginals.<\/p>\n<p>Despu\u00e9s de muchos a\u00f1os conoc\u00ed a Beatriz, hija de Manuel Moreno Fraginals y de Beatriz Mas\u00f3, y ella me dir\u00eda que su padre le hab\u00eda insistido en que conocer al poeta Lezama Lima era un privilegio que ella nunca olvidar\u00eda.<\/p>\n<p>He querido destacar este aspecto humano de la gran sensibilidad de nuestro inolvidable historiador.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Elo\u00edsa Lezama Lima<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Profesora Universitaria.<\/em><br \/>\n<em> Miami, Florida<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;row&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Antonio Elorza&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/09\/AntonioElorza.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1385 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/09\/AntonioElorza.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Antonio Elorza<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Historiador, Ensayista y Catedr\u00e1tico de Ciencias Pol\u00edticas<br \/>\nUniversidad Complutense de Madrid<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_toggle admin_label=&#8221;Antonio Elorza Text&#8221; open=&#8221;off&#8221; title=&#8221;Read more&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Acaba de fallecer en Miami el historiador habanero Manuel Moreno Fraginals, autor de\u00a0<em><span class='tooltipsall classtoolTips7' style='border-bottom:2px dotted #888;'>El ingenio<\/span>,<\/em>\u00a0una obra capital que se\u00f1al\u00f3 desde su aparici\u00f3n en 1964 el comienzo de una nueva era en la historia social y econ\u00f3mica de la Cuba del siglo XIX. Hab\u00eda cumplido 80 a\u00f1os en septiembre pasado, transcurriendo los \u00faltimos meses de su vida en una lucha contra la muerte asistido por su esposa, Teresa Pedraza.<\/p>\n<p>Su formaci\u00f3n como historiador y economista le llev\u00f3 a recorrer diversos pa\u00edses, entre ellos Espa\u00f1a, donde residi\u00f3 entre 1947 y 1949, perteneciendo al c\u00edrculo de amigos de Juan Benet y Luis Mart\u00edn Santos. En 1951 redact\u00f3 su primer trabajo sobresaliente,\u00a0<em><span class='tooltipsall classtoolTips3' style='border-bottom:2px dotted #888;'>Jos\u00e9 Antonio Saco<\/span>. Estudio y bibliograf\u00eda.<\/em>\u00a0Inaugur\u00f3 en \u00e9l su preocupaci\u00f3n por la singular gestaci\u00f3n de la conciencia nacional cubana. De las ideas pas\u00f3 a analizar las condiciones econ\u00f3micas que determinaron la tensi\u00f3n entre los primeros patriotas y la acomodaci\u00f3n de la sacarocracia: el resultado fue\u00a0<em><span class='tooltipsall classtoolTips7' style='border-bottom:2px dotted #888;'>El ingenio<\/span>,<\/em>\u00a0de 1964, magn\u00edfico estudio de una econom\u00eda de plantaci\u00f3n abordado desde una conjunci\u00f3n del marxismo con la historia econ\u00f3mica anglosajona.<\/p>\n<p>Antes de 1959, Moreno ocup\u00f3 importantes cargos empresariales en Venezuela y M\u00e9xico, y esa experiencia le sirvi\u00f3, al incorporarse a la revoluci\u00f3n, para convertirse en consejero econ\u00f3mico del Che Guevara. En la Cuba de Castro sostuvo una brillante carrera, cada vez m\u00e1s marcada por la desconfianza, hasta que en los a\u00f1os noventa pas\u00f3 del exilio interior al efectivo en Miami. Es entonces cuando redacta el sugerente ensayo\u00a0<em>Cuba \/ Espa\u00f1a, Espa\u00f1a \/ Cuba. Historia com\u00fan\u00a0<\/em>(Cr\u00edtica, 1995). Colabor\u00f3 en EL PA\u00cdS, con una agilidad de pluma puesta de manifiesto en la r\u00e9plica a Gabriel Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez, su \u00faltimo art\u00edculo.<\/p>\n<p>Manuel Moreno Fraginals fue hombre de extraordinaria vitalidad, devoto del rigor, de la investigaci\u00f3n, y en la esfera privada, del amor y de la amistad. Su trato era entra\u00f1able y su conversaci\u00f3n, exuberante. No podremos volver a ofrecerle ese &#8216;agua de fuego&#8217;, la\u00a0<em>queimada,<\/em>\u00a0que tanto apreciaba.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Antonio Elorza<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Catedr\u00e1tico de Ciencias Pol\u00edticas<\/em><br \/>\n<em> Universidad Complutense de Madrid<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\"> toolTips('.classtoolTips8','<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/192.168.254.210\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/LaHistoriaArma.jpg\" alt=\"La Historia Como Arma\" width=\"204\" height=\"258\" \/>'); <\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section bb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;section&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#999999&#8243; inner_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221; fullwidth=&#8221;on&#8221; transparent_background=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax=&#8221;off&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;off&#8221; background_image=&#8221;http:\/\/192.168.254.210\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/09\/drop.jpg&#8221; next_background_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221;][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=&#8221;In Memoriam&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; content_max_width=&#8221;100%&#8221; background_color=&#8221;rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)&#8221; button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_one_text_size__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_two_text_size__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_one_text_color__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_two_text_color__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_one_border_width__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_two_border_width__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_one_border_color__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_two_border_color__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_one_border_radius__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_two_border_radius__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_one_letter_spacing__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_two_letter_spacing__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_one_bg_color__hover=&#8221;null&#8221; button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off&#8221; button_two_bg_color__hover=&#8221;null&#8221;] [\/et_pb_fullwidth_header][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;section&#8221; fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; specialty=&#8221;off&#8221; prev_background_color=&#8221;#999999&#8243; next_background_color=&#8221;#52667f&#8221;][et_pb_row [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/742"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=742"}],"version-history":[{"count":38,"href":"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/742\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1977,"href":"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/742\/revisions\/1977"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/morenofraginals.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=742"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}